David L. Gann and his partner first photographed the particle in 1997 at the Digital Labs in Santa Barbara, California using an Atomic Force Microscope.
Since that date, hundreds of such photographs have been taken and the stable water cluster has become a subject of research by numerous universities around the globe including: the Chemical Engineering Department UCLA; the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCLA School of Medicine; Department of Physics, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou China; Department of Physics UMIST, Manchester UK; School of Water Sciences, Cranfield University, Bedford UK; Institute for Applied Surfactant Research, University of Oklahoma; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington; Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University.
Current research is being done at the Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada as well as the US National Bureau of Standards, Washington D.C.
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